Answer for: How does a doctor train her/himself to operate on a person, knowing it is another human being?
#1 By years of practicing on smaller animals and cadavers.
As an undergrad and graduate student we worked on rats, mice, cats, pigs, cows and sheep. Frankly, it was disturbing to be operating on a rat and have them bleed out because you nicked an artery (and that is fast). It must take a special type of person to be able to make the step to humans or even to complex animal surgery as opposed to supervised experiments.
Image from www.bgsu.edu

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